Ginkgo Biloba
Important Disclaimer
This is not medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare provider before using any remedy, especially if pregnant, breastfeeding, on medication, or managing a health condition.
Overview
Ginkgo biloba is the oldest living tree species on Earth, unchanged for over 200 million years — a true "living fossil." Native to China, individual trees can live for over 1,000 years. Ginkgo leaf extract is one of the most widely used herbal medicines globally, particularly for cognitive function, circulation, and age-related conditions. It is the most prescribed herbal medicine in Europe. Its unique flavonoids and terpenoids improve blood flow to the brain and protect neurons from oxidative damage.
Traditional Use
Ginkgo has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 5,000 years. Ancient Chinese texts describe ginkgo seeds (Bai Guo) as a remedy for respiratory complaints, urinary disorders, and as a tonic for the elderly. The leaves were used for heart and lung conditions. In the 1960s, German researchers developed standardized ginkgo leaf extract (EGb 761) and began extensive clinical research. Ginkgo became one of the most prescribed medicines in Germany and France for age-related cognitive decline and peripheral vascular disease.
Key Active Compounds
Flavonol Glycosides (Quercetin, Kaempferol, Isorhamnetin)
Potent antioxidants that protect neurons and blood vessels from oxidative damage, reduce platelet aggregation, and improve blood flow.
Terpene Trilactones (Ginkgolides A, B, C)
Unique compounds found only in ginkgo. Ginkgolide B is a potent platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist, reducing platelet aggregation and improving circulation.
Bilobalide
A sesquiterpene trilactone with neuroprotective properties, protecting neurons from ischemic damage and supporting mitochondrial function.
Ginkgolic Acids
Potentially allergenic compounds removed in standardized extracts. Quality extracts contain less than 5ppm ginkgolic acids.
Evidence-Based Benefits
Cognitive function and memory
Moderate evidenceMultiple clinical trials show standardized ginkgo extract improves memory, attention, and processing speed in healthy adults and those with age-related cognitive decline. Most effective for vascular cognitive impairment.
Dementia and Alzheimer's support
Moderate evidenceMeta-analyses of clinical trials show ginkgo extract (EGb 761) significantly improves cognitive function and daily activities in mild to moderate dementia. May slow progression of Alzheimer's disease.
Peripheral circulation
Strong evidenceGinkgo significantly improves peripheral blood flow, reducing symptoms of intermittent claudication and Raynaud's syndrome. Approved in Germany for peripheral arterial disease.
Tinnitus and vertigo
Moderate evidenceClinical studies show ginkgo reduces tinnitus severity and frequency, and improves vertigo symptoms, likely through improved inner ear circulation.
Common Preparation Methods
Standardized Extract Capsules
Take standardized ginkgo leaf extract (EGb 761 or equivalent, standardized to 24% flavonol glycosides and 6% terpene trilactones) with meals.
Dosage: 120–240mg daily in 2–3 divided dosesAllow 4–8 weeks for full cognitive effects. Use standardized extract — raw leaves are not effective and may be harmful.
Ginkgo Tea
Steep 1 teaspoon of dried ginkgo leaves in 8 oz of hot water for 10 minutes. Strain and drink.
Dosage: 1–2 cups dailyLess standardized than capsules. Use only dried leaves, not fresh (fresh leaves contain more ginkgolic acids).
Tincture
Use a standardized ginkgo tincture. Take 40–80mg equivalent three times daily.
Dosage: 40–80mg equivalent, 3 times dailyEnsure tincture is standardized for flavonol glycoside content.
Safety & Cautions
Please read carefully before use
Contraindications
- Bleeding disorders: significant antiplatelet effects
- Epilepsy: may lower seizure threshold
- Pregnancy: avoid (may increase bleeding risk)
- Allergy to ginkgo or Anacardiaceae family (poison ivy, mango)
Drug Interactions
- Anticoagulants (warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel): significantly increases bleeding risk
- Anticonvulsants: may reduce effectiveness
- SSRIs: may increase serotonin syndrome risk
- Diabetes medications: may affect blood sugar
Possible Side Effects
- Headache (especially when starting)
- Digestive upset
- Dizziness
- Allergic skin reactions (especially from fruit pulp)
- Increased bleeding risk
- Rare: seizures
Special Populations
- Pregnancy: avoid
- Pre-surgery: discontinue 2 weeks before
- Anticoagulant users: monitor closely or avoid
- Epilepsy: avoid
- Children: insufficient safety data; avoid
Sources & References
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Journal of Psychiatric Research
Cochrane Database
Quick Reference
Ginkgoaceae
Leaves, Seeds (limited use)
Leaves: slightly bitter, astringent; Seeds: mildly sweet, slightly bitter
Safety First
Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider before starting any new remedy, especially if you have existing health conditions or take medications.